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2026 Vol.8, Issue 3 Preview Page

Review Article

Detection of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos residues in apples: A review of emerging sensor technologies
Md. Rajibur Rahaman Khan1
,
Donat Thomas Shukuru23
,
Harisoa Nicole Ranaivo24
,
Joanna Rose Angayen256
,
Khamis Machano Ali27
,
Tusan Park189*
1Smart Agriculture Innovation Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
2Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
3Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
4Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty, Antananarivo, Madagascar
5Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines
6Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines
7Department of College and Training, Vocational Training Authority (VTA)- 4805, Malindi, Zanzibar, Tanzania
8Department of Smart Bio-Industrial Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
9Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding Author
30 September 2026. pp. 333-358
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Apples are among the most widely consumed fruits worldwide and are frequently consumed raw, making them an important route of dietary exposure to pesticide residues. Carbendazim (CBZ) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are widely used fungicides and insecticides in apple production because of their effectiveness against fungal diseases and insect pests. However, concerns regarding their persistence, toxicity, and potential health effects have led to restrictions or bans in several regions. This review critically examines 45 peer-reviewed studies on sensor-based technologies for detecting CBZ and CPF residues in apples. The reported sensors were classified into electrochemical, optical, and biosensing platforms. Electrochemical sensors accounted for the largest category (54% of the studies) and demonstrated excellent analytical performance. The lowest reported detection limit for CBZ was achieved by a polymer-aptasensor (0.08 fM). In contrast, the lowest reported detection limit for CPF was achieved by an aptamer-based ECL sensor (0.35 fM). Optical sensors, particularly surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and aptamer-based platforms, offered broad detection ranges and high selectivity. However, their average detection limits were generally higher than those of electrochemical sensors. Most reported sensors exhibited detection limits well below the benchmark maximum residue limits (MRLs) used for comparison, highlighting their suitability for food safety monitoring and regulatory applications. Among the sensing materials reviewed, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), nanocomposites, and aptamer-functionalized interfaces demonstrated analytical performance. Overall, electrochemical and aptamer-based sensing platforms show significant potential for rapid, sensitive, on-site detection of pesticides. This review provides an overview of recent advances in sensor technologies for monitoring CBZ and CPF. It offers insights for the development of next-generation portable devices for food safety, agricultural monitoring, and environmental applications.

Keywords
Electrochemical sensor
Optical sensor
Chlorpyrifos
Carbendazim
Pesticide residue
Limit of Detection
Maximum Residue Level
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Precision Agriculture
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국정밀농업학회
  • Journal Title :Precision Agriculture Science and Technology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :정밀농업과학기술
  • Volume : 8
  • No :3
  • Pages :333-358
  • Received Date : 2026-09-09
  • Revised Date : 2026-09-29
  • Accepted Date : 2026-09-29
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.22765/pastj.20260023
Journal Informaiton Precision Agriculture Science and Technology Precision Agriculture Science and Technology
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